fs: apply function exclude to glob results

[Kelpy2004]

Function-form exclude callbacks were applied while queuing subpatterns, but some terminal result paths were added directly to the result set. That meant files matched by terminal ** or terminal child patterns could bypass an exclude(path) callback that matched the full relative path.

For example, globSync('**', { cwd, exclude: (path) => path === 'a/skip.txt' }) could still include a/skip.txt.

This routes result additions through a shared helper that applies function-form excludes before recording sync and async glob results, while preserving the existing array-exclude filtering in ResultSet.

Added coverage for:

• fs.globSync()
• callback fs.glob()
• fs.promises.glob()
• terminal ** results
• terminal pattern results

Validation performed locally:

• node --check lib/internal/fs/glob.js
• node --check test/parallel/test-fs-glob.mjs
• standalone reproduction against installed Node v24.11.1 confirmed the pre-fix behavior still returns an excluded nested file

I could not run the patched Node test binary because this sparse checkout does not include a built local node executable.